Metodo de exploración física

Video creado por la cátedra Bases conceptuales y metodológica de enfermería, Escuela de enfermería, editado por el centro de simulación de la UNaM. Sobre método de exploración física.

CE: Assessing Back Pain in Patients Presenting to the ED.

ABSTRACT: Although back pain is common, most often benign, and generally resolves in a few days with self-care, nonspecific low back pain that does not resolve with self-care and prompts patients to seek treatment in an ED may result from a serious underlying pathology. In this article, the first in a series on clinical red flags-indicators that can be used in the clinical setting to screen for an elevated risk of severe underlying conditions-the author considers back pain manifestations that may signal the presence of a debilitating or even fatal disease process. Detecting such red flags and communicating their presence to the attending provider can facilitate appropriate diagnosis and management.

Protocolo e instrumentos do processo de enfermagem para a pessoa com fístula arteriovenosa em maturação / Protocol and instruments of the nursing process for people with maturing arteriovenous fistula

Introdução: A hemodiálise representa a principal modalidade de tratamento da Doença Renal Crônica em estágio terminal, sendo necessário para sua realização o estabelecimento de um acesso vascular. Nesse contexto, a fístula arteriovenosa representa o acesso ideal por representar menores complicações quando comparada a outros tipos de acessos, sendo o acompanhamento do processo de maturação pelo enfermeiro fundamental para sua sobrevida, destacando-se a construção de protocolos e instrumentos para um melhor acompanhamento da maturação, devendo estes serem orientados pelo processo de enfermagem. Objetivo: Descrever o processo de elaboração de um protocolo e instrumentos de enfermagem para o acompanhamento à pessoa com fístula arteriovenosa em maturação. Método: Estudo metodológico descritivo de métodos e de síntese de evidências sobre avaliação e acompanhamento do paciente na fase de maturação da fístula arteriovenosa, sendo conduzido em duas fases: 1) revisão das evidências de pesquisa sobre a avaliação da maturação da fístula por meio de uma revisão de escopo; 2) desenvolvimento de um protocolo e instrumentos para aplicação do processo de enfermagem utilizando as taxonomias de enfermagem NANDA-I, NIC e NOC e referencial teórico de Orem. Após a elaboração, o protocolo e instrumentos propostos foram apresentados e submetidos à avaliação-piloto em um serviço de Nefrologia. Resultados: A busca literária resultou em um corpus final de 38 publicações, e obteve-se como achados que o período de avaliação clínica deve ocorrer idealmente dentro de quatro a seis semanas do pós- operatório, com utilização das técnicas de anamnese e Exame Físico, sendo necessários identificar diversos elementos clínicos. Foram propostos um protocolo de enfermagem, um fluxograma de apoio à tomada de decisão do enfermeiro, e instrumentos para coleta de história do paciente, planejamento do cuidado de enfermagem e reavaliação contínua do paciente com fístula em fase de maturação. O teste piloto realizado contribuiu para tornar as tecnologias propostas mais adequadas quanto à clareza e simplicidade sendo considerados o protocolo e instrumentos apresentados válidos, com sugestão de modificações apenas no instrumento de planejamento de cuidados de enfermagem. Conclusão: O estudo permitiu construir tecnologias inovadoras no acompanhamento do paciente em período de maturação da FAV, constituindo meios de acompanhar o paciente de forma sistematizada, de forma a facilitar o planejamento das ações de enfermagem e envolvimento do paciente. Por fim, espera-se que os protótipos produzidos permitam ao enfermeiro colocar em prática as suas competências no cuidado à pessoa com fístula arteriovenosa em maturação, com expectativa de um trabalho futuro de validação dos instrumentais junto a especialistas e futuros usuários.

Introduction: The hemodialysis representing the main treatment modality in the Chronic Renal Disease in terninal stage, requiring the establishment of a vascular access. In this context, arteriovenous fistula represents the ideal access because it represents less complications when compared to other types of access, and the monitoring of the maturation process by the nurse is fundamental for its survival, highlighting the construction of protocols and instruments for better monitoring of maturation, which should be guided by the nursing process. Objective: Describe the process of elaborating a protocol and nursing instruments for monitoring person with a arteriovenous fistula under maturing. Method: Descriptive methodological study of methods and synthesis of evidence on evaluation and monitoring of the patient during the maturation phase of the arteriovenous fistula, being conducted in two phases: 1) review of the research evidence on the assessment of fistula maturation through a scoping review; 2) Development of a protocol and instrumentals for the application of the nursing proccess using the nursing taxonomies NANDA-I, NIC and NOC and Orem's theoretical framework. After elaboration, the proposed protocol and instruments were presented and submitted to a pilot evaluation in a Nephrology service. Results: The literary search resulted in a final corpus of 38 publications, and it was obtained as findings that the period of clinical evaluation should ideally occur within four to six weeks after the operation, using the techniques of anamnesis and Physical Examination, it is necessary to identify several clinical elements. A nursing protocol, a flowchart to support nurses' decision-making, and instruments for collecting the patient's history, planning nursing care and continuous reassessment of the patient with a fistula in the maturation phase were proposed as instrumental measures. The pilot test carried out contributed to make the proposed technologies more adequate in terms of clarity and simplicity, considering the instruments presented as valid with the suggestion of modifications only in the nursing care planning instrument. Conclusion: The study allowed the construction of innovative technologies in patient follow-up during arteriovenous fistula maturation period, constituing a means of monitoring the patient in a systematic way, in order to facilitate the planning of nursing actions and patient involvement. Finally, it is expected that the prototypes produced will allow nurses to put into practice their skills in caring for the person with maturing arteriovenous fistula, with the expectation of future work to validate the instruments with specialists and future users.

Infertility management in primary care.

Infertility is a growing issue for couples. Primary care NPs can manage initial treatment as well as address the emotional and financial burdens of patients experiencing infertility. NPs can provide timely access to investigations and treatment, helping patients achieve their goal of pregnancy sooner.

Decreased level of consciousness in a child: recognition and management.

A child presenting with decreased level of conscious (dLOC) is of great concern due to the wide range of possible causes, and potential for death or serious long-term sequelae. It is therefore vital that health professionals can recognise a child with dLOC quickly, intervene appropriately and escalate for senior review as a matter of urgency. This article provides an explanation for the mechanisms of decreased consciousness, outlines the different causative pathologies, and provides a simple and logical approach to the first-line recognition and management that a health professional may apply when faced with such a patient. Illustrative case studies have been included, to demonstrate how children with dLOC may present in clinical practice.

Mediating the interface between voluntariness and coercion: A qualitative study of learning disability nurses' work in medical examinations of people with intellectual disability.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To gain knowledge of prevention and use of restraints in provision of medical care to people with intellectual disability. To this end, we explore how learning disability nurses in community services support the individual through medical examinations when facing resistance. BACKGROUND: Despite increased focus on limiting restraints, there is a lack of knowledge of how restraints are prevented and used in the delivery of physical health care to people with intellectual disability. DESIGN: We used an ethnographic comparative case design (n = 6). METHODS: The study was carried out in Norway. The analysis is based on data from semi-structured interviews, participant observation and document studies, in addition to health sociological perspectives on how to support individuals to make their body available for medical examination and intervention. The SRQR checklist was used. RESULTS: Learning disability nurses strove to ensure that examinations were carried out on the individual's terms, supporting the individual in three phases: preparing for the examination, facilitating the examination and, when facing resistance, intervening to ensure safe and compassionate completion of the examination. CONCLUSIONS: Supporting the person was a precarious process where professionals had to balance considerations of voluntariness and coercion, progress and breakdown, safety and risk of injury, and dignity and violation. Through their support, learning disability nurses helped to constitute the "resistant" individual as "a cooperative patient," whose body could be examined within the knowledge and methods of medicine, but who could also be safeguarded as a human being through the strain of undergoing examination. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: The article sheds light on how restraints are used in the medical examination and treatment of people with intellectual disabilities and demonstrates the significance of professional support workers' contributions, both in facilitating safe and efficient medical care and in ensuring the least restrictive and most compassionate care possible.

How to care for adults with low back pain in the primary care setting.

Low back pain (LBP) is one of the most frequent patient complaints in primary care. This article discusses the assessment and treatment of patients with LBP, including nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic approaches.

A intervenção do enfermeiro no exame físico à fístula arteriovenosa da pessoa em programa de hemodiálise / The nurse's intervention in the physical examination of the arteriovenous fistula of the person in the hemodialysis program

A Doença Renal Crónica (DRC) constitui um problema de saúde pública, crescente à escala mundial. No estadio mais avançado desta doença, o cliente depende de uma técnica de terapêutica substitutiva da função renal (TSFR) para sobreviver. As TSFR incluem: a Hemodiálise (HD), a Diálise Peritoneal (DP) e o Transplante Renal (TR). A HD consiste na remoção de água e solutos do sangue por meio de uma membrana semipermeável designada de dialisador. Para a realização do tratamento de HD, é indispensável a existência de um acesso vascular (AV) para HD e este pode ser: uma fístula arteriovenosa (FAV), um(a) enxerto/prótese arteriovenoso(a) (EAV/PAV) ou um cateter venoso central (CVC). No ano de 2018, em Portugal, a FAV foi o AV mais utilizado nos clientes prevalentes no tratamento hemodialítico. Apesar de as FAV serem consideradas o tipo de AV ideal para o referido tratamento, estas podem estar sujeitas a várias complicações e o enfermeiro assume um papel determinante na deteção das mesmas. O exame físico (EF) que o enfermeiro deve efetuar à FAV, principalmente antes do tratamento de HD mas também durante e após o mesmo, é essencial para a sua preservação e consequente longevidade. Neste sentido, com a realização de um EF completo, o enfermeiro aposta na qualidade dos cuidados de enfermagem prestados. A revisão scoping realizada pretendeu responder à seguinte questão: "Qual a precisão do EF na deteção de complicações da FAV da pessoa em HD?". Constatou-se que o EF apresenta um elevado desempenho e precisão no diagnóstico de estenoses venosas nas FAV, existindo uma limitação de estudos relativos à deteção de outros tipos de complicações. Em suma, o EF constitui uma ferramenta muito importante para a deteção e localização de estenoses venosas nas FAV, devendo fazer parte dos protocolos das unidades de HD para o referido diagnóstico e, dessa forma, contribuindo para a melhoria da gestão da qualidade do AV.

Chronic Kidney Disease is a public health problem, growing worldwide. In the most advanced stage of this disease, the client depends on a renal function replacement therapy technique to survive. Renal function replacement therapy include: Hemodialysis, Peritoneal Dialysis and Kidney Transplantation. Hemodialysis consists of removing water and solutes from the blood through a semipermeable membrane called a dialyzer. In order to perform hemodialysis treatment, the existence of a vascular access for hemodialysis is essential and can be: an arteriovenous fistula, an arteriovenous graft/prosthesis or a central venous catheter. In 2018, in Portugal, the arteriovenous fistula was the most used vascular access in prevalent clients in hemodialysis treatment. Although arteriovenous fistulas are considered the ideal type of vascular access for that treatment, they can be subject to various complications and the nurse assumes a determining role in detecting them. The physical examination that the nurse must perform on the arteriovenous fistula, especially before hemodialysis treatment, but also during and after it, is essential for its preservation and consequent longevity. In this sense, with a complete physical examination, the nurse bets on the quality of nursing care provided. The scoping review carried out intended to answer the following question: "How accurate is physical examination in detecting arteriovenous fistula complications of the person on hemodialysis?". It was found that physical examination has a high performance and precision in the diagnosis of venous stenosis in arteriovenous fistulas, with a limitation of studies related to the detection of other types of complications. In short, physical examination is a very important tool for the detection and localization of venous stenosis in arteriovenous fistulas, and should be part of the Hemodialysis unit protocols for the referred diagnosis and, thus, contributing to the improvement of vascular access quality management.

Evaluation and current treatments for urinary incontinence.

Although aging and urinary incontinence are often associated, urinary incontinence is not a normal part of aging. As the population ages, the challenge of urinary incontinence will place a greater demand on the healthcare system. NPs can effectively direct treatments to mitigate the symptoms of urinary incontinence, improving patient quality of life.

"You'll have to be my eyes and ears": A conversation analytic study of physical examination on a health helpline.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To explore the accomplishment of physical examination on a health helpline. By focusing on the ways in which callers are asked to examine themselves and report information to nurses, we aim to provide insight into how physical examination at a distance is achieved. BACKGROUND: Physical examination is a routine feature of healthcare encounters. In face-to-face settings, patients are subject to professional scrutiny through talk, touch and observation. Health professionals working on helplines face challenges in assessing signs of illness when they do not have physical access to patients. DESIGN AND METHODS: Conversation analysis was used to explore sequences of interaction between nurses and callers that involved physical examination. ANALYSIS: Analysis examined how physical examination was routinely accomplished in a helpline environment. Nurses typically guided callers in self-examination by drawing on gross categorisations that required reporting of large-scale characteristics of symptoms (e.g., whether a body part looked "normal"). Physical examination was also regularly accomplished by nurses through two-component speaking turns: a prefacing component that involved instructions about self-examination; followed by a second component that included an information-soliciting question. These practices resulted in callers successfully accomplishing physical examination, despite their lack of professional medical knowledge. CONCLUSIONS: This study identifies the communicative practices used by nurses to accomplish physical examination in helpline calls. Such practices involved asking questions that sought general, rather than specific, information and the prefacing of questions with simple instructions on how to undertake self-examination. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Previous research indicates that physical examination in telehealth can be challenging, particularly in environments where clinicians need patients to examine themselves. This study identifies how nurses on a helpline manage this challenge. The findings highlight ways in which nurses can recruit patients to undertake tasks that would typically be undertaken by clinicians in physically co-present consultations.

Continuous positive pressure on aircraft in neonates: care provided by the nursing team / Presión positiva continua en las vías aéreas en neonatos: cuidados prestados por el equipo de enfermería / Pressão positiva contínua nas vias aéreas em neonatos: cuidados prestados pela equipe de enfermagem

ABSTRACT Objective: to describe the nursing care of the neonate in continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) with prong analyzing them in the light of the systematization of nursing care / process. Method: Descriptive research, qualitative approach. We interviewed 30 nursing professionals from the neonatal intensive and intermediate care units of a school hospital in Maceió / Alagoas, from August / 2016 to January / 2017, through a semi-structured interview, in the light of Bardin's content analysis. Results: Although unit nurses are aware of the use of CPAP and the care associated with this therapy, mid-level professionals still find it difficult to systematize systematized knowledge about the system. The tripod's correlation between CPAP, the formation of nasal lesions and the assistance provided was highlighted. Conclusion: It is necessary to carry out training, such as raising the awareness of professionals about the importance of keeping records up to date and applying protocols.

RESUMEN Objetivo: describir los cuidados de enfermería al neonato en presión positiva continua en las vías aéreas (CPAP) con preñez analizándolos a la luz de la sistematización de la asistencia / proceso de enfermería. Método: Investigación descriptiva, enfoque cualitativo. Se entrevistó a 30 profesionales de enfermería de las unidades de terapia intensiva e intermedia neonatales de un hospital escuela de Maceió / Alagoas, de agosto / 2016 a enero / 2017, a través de una entrevista semiestructurada, a la luz del análisis de contenido de Bardin. Resultados: Aunque los enfermeros de las unidades tienen el conocimiento sobre el uso de la CPAP y los cuidados inherentes a esa terapéutica, los profesionales de nivel medio todavía sienten dificultades en enumerar de forma sistematizada conocimientos sobre el sistema. Se destacó la correlación del trípode entre la CPAP, la formación de lesiones nasales y la asistencia prestada. Conclusión: Se hace necesaria la realización de capacitaciones, como sensibilización de los profesionales acerca de la importancia del mantenimiento actualizado de los registros y aplicación de protocolos.

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever os cuidados de enfermagem ao neonato em pressão positiva contínua nas vias aéreas (CPAP) com pronga, analisando-os à luz da sistematização da assistência/processo de enfermagem. Método: Pesquisa descritiva, abordagem qualitativa. Foram entrevistados 30 profissionais de enfermagem das unidades de terapia intensiva e intermediária neonatais de um hospital escola de Maceió/Alagoas, de agosto/2016 a janeiro/2017, através de entrevista semiestruturada, à luz da análise de conteúdo de Bardin. Resultados: Embora os enfermeiros das unidades tenham o conhecimento sobre o uso da CPAP e os cuidados inerentes a essa terapêutica, os profissionais de nível médio ainda sentem dificuldades em elencar de forma sistematizada conhecimentos sobre o sistema. Destacou-se a correlação do tripé entre a CPAP, a formação de lesões nasais e a assistência prestada. Conclusão: Faz-se necessária a realização de capacitações, como sensibilização dos profissionais acerca da importância da manutenção atualizada dos registros e aplicação de protocolos.

Critical incidents involving Semiology during practical activities of nursing undergraduates.

OBJECTIVE: To identify critical incidents (situations, behaviors and feelings) during practical activities, involving knowledge and skills related to the discipline of Semiology and Semiotics. METHOD: Descriptive research using the critical incident technique, with the Snow Ball technique for the selection of participants and an instrument for collection of data. The reports were categorized according to the elements of the critical incident (situations, behaviors and feelings). RESULTS: A total of 62 reports from senior (n = 46), sophomore and junior (n = 16) students were analyzed. The students were predominantly female (90.3%). The majority described a situation of a physical examination, expressed mastery of the skills necessary for the activity and reported positive feelings. CONCLUSION: The reports showed that the knowledge and skills acquired in the discipline allowed for a development of practical activities with familiarity and positive feelings. The importance that the students attribute to the recognition of the activities by the professor, the patient and family stands out.

Stigmatization of Overweight and Obese Women During Forensic Examinations.

Stigma and discrimination toward overweight and obese people pose consequences to their psychological and physical health. In the United States, overweight and obesity and affects over 34% of the population. This frequently ignored public health issue often sees overweight and obese individuals blamed for their weight, thereby justifying the bias. During a post-sexual-assault examination, sexual assault nurse examiners and other forensic examiners must be cognizant of the specific issues and challenges related to the care of these victims. Forensic nurses may need to refine their techniques such as positioning overweight and obese patients on an appropriate-sized table, obtaining equipment for better visualization, and requiring assistance during the examination (e.g., lifting the victim's pendulous skin folds for assessment and evidence collection). Moreover, they may need to recognize and reflect on their own weight related biases. Addressing these important issues may lead to decreasing stigmatization during examinations, thereby providing quality care to victims of sexual assault, regardless of their weight.

Nursing Students and Service Learning: Research From a Symbiotic Community Partnership With Local Schools and Special Olympics.

This research is an example of a service learning partnership between a prelicensure nursing program and local school district. Through this partnership, students participated in a thoughtfully organized project that met the needs of a community and promoted the humanizing of health care education. Nursing students, under the guidance of faculty, performed required physical examinations for Special Olympics athletes who represented a wide range of age, physical, social, and intellectual levels. Research findings indicated an increase in nursing students' affective and cognitive development after this activity.

Critical incidents involving Semiology during practical activities of nursing undergraduates / Incidentes críticos involucrando Semiología en las actividades prácticas de estudiantes de enfermería / Incidentes críticos envolvendo Semiologia nas atividades práticas de graduandos de enfermagem

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify critical incidents (situations, behaviors and feelings) during practical activities, involving knowledge and skills related to the discipline of Semiology and Semiotics. Method: Descriptive research using the critical incident technique, with the Snow Ball technique for the selection of participants and an instrument for collection of data. The reports were categorized according to the elements of the critical incident (situations, behaviors and feelings). Results: A total of 62 reports from senior (n = 46), sophomore and junior (n = 16) students were analyzed. The students were predominantly female (90.3%). The majority described a situation of a physical examination, expressed mastery of the skills necessary for the activity and reported positive feelings. Conclusion: The reports showed that the knowledge and skills acquired in the discipline allowed for a development of practical activities with familiarity and positive feelings. The importance that the students attribute to the recognition of the activities by the professor, the patient and family stands out.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Identificar los incidentes críticos (situación, comportamientos y sentimientos) durante las actividades prácticas, involucrando conocimientos y habilidades relacionadas a la disciplina de Semiología y Semiotecnia. Método: se trata de una investigación descriptiva utilizando la técnica del incidente crítico, con reclutamiento mediante el método Bola de Nieve (Snow Ball) y levantamiento de datos por medio del instrumento. Los informes se categorizaron según los elementos del incidente crítico (situaciones, comportamientos y sentimientos). Resultados: Se analizaron 62 informes de alumnos concluyentes (n=46) e intermediarios (n=16), predominantemente del sexo femenino (90,3%). La mayoría relató la situación del examen físico, manifestando el dominio de las competencias para el desempeño de la actividad con sentimientos positivos. Conclusiones: Los informes destacaron que el conocimiento y las habilidades aprendidas en la disciplina posibilitaron el desempeño con familiaridad de las actividades prácticas y trajeron sentimientos positivos. Cabe destacar la importancia que los alumnos atribuyen a la valorización de las actividades desarrolladas, tanto por el profesor como por el paciente o acompañante.

RESUMO Objetivo: Identificar os incidentes críticos (situação, comportamentos e sentimentos) durante atividades práticas, envolvendo conhecimentos e habilidades relacionados à disciplina de Semiologia e Semiotécnica. Método: Pesquisa descritiva que utilizou a técnica de incidente crítico, com recrutamento pela técnica de Snow Ball e coleta de dados por meio de instrumento. Os relatos foram categorizados segundo os elementos do incidente crítico (situações, comportamentos e sentimentos). Resultados: Foram analisados 62 relatos de alunos concluintes (n=46) e intermediários (n=16), predominantemente do sexo feminino (90,3%). A maioria retratou a situação de exame físico, manifestando o domínio das competências para o desempenho da atividade e referiu relato de sentimentos positivos. Conclusões: Os relatos retrataram que o conhecimento e as habilidades aprendidas na disciplina possibilitaram o desempenho com familiaridade das atividades práticas e sentimentos positivos. Destaca-se a importância que os alunos atribuem à valorização das atividades desenvolvidas, tanto pelo professor quanto pelo paciente ou acompanhante.

Multidrug-resistant bacteria infection and nursing quality management application in the department of physical examination.

The main problem of clinical prevention and control of multi drug resistant bacteria infection is to strengthen the monitoring of pathogenic bacteria spectrum, this study research on the multi drug-resistant bacteria infection and nursing quality management application in the department of physical examination. The results of this study showed that the number of patients with multiple drug resistant infections showed an increasing trend. Therefore, once the patients with multiple drug-resistant bacteria infection are found, the prevention and control of the patients with multiple drug-resistant bacteria should be strictly followed, and the patient's medication care should be highly valued. Also, the nurses need to be classified based on the knowledge and skill characteristics of the nurses in the department of physical examination, and compare the nursing effect before and after classification and grouping. The physicians and individuals receiving physical examinations in the department of physical examination had a higher degree of satisfaction for nursing effect after classification compared with those before classification. Classification and grouping management helps improve the nursing quality and overall quality of the nurses in the department of physical examination.

Increasing the Accessibility of Sexual Assault Forensic Examinations: Evaluation of Texas Law SB 1191.

INTRODUCTION: Texas SB 1191 was enacted in 2013 with the intent of increasing access to medical forensic examinations for sexual assault victims by requiring every hospital with an emergency department to be prepared to provide a medical forensic examination if requested by a sexual assault victim. To realize that goal, the law also required basic forensic training for medical professionals before conducting a medical forensic examination as well as a requirement that hospitals develop a "plan to train personnel on sexual assault forensic evidence collection." METHODS: Interviews were conducted in 18 healthcare facilities (five with sexual assault nurse examiner [SANE] programs and 13 without SANE programs) in Dallas, Lubbock, and Austin to determine their awareness and compliance with SB 1191. RESULTS: The data suggest that the law had a little effect on actual practice, and sexual assault survivors still sought a SANE program for a medical forensic examination. DISCUSSION: Although SB 1191 is an important state level effort to make forensic examinations more readily available, it did not fully account for the challenges faced by smaller hospitals that do not see enough sexual assault victims to justify training staff to SANE standards and did not adequately address the training required by medical professionals to feel prepared to conduct a medical forensic examination.